Skin cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer worldwide especially in Australia, and its incidence is steadily increasing. Knowing about the various types of skin cancer, their risks, symptoms, and treatments is key to early detection and effective management. This guide offers an in-depth look at the most common types of skin cancer, their associated risks, symptoms to watch for, and available treatments, with information drawn from reliable sources such as Cancer Council Australia, Melanoma Institute Australia, and Melanoma Research.
Understanding Skin Cancer
Skin cancer occurs due to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the epidermis, the skin's outermost layer. The primary cause is ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, which damages the DNA in skin cells, potentially leading to cancer. There are three main types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma [3].
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Risks
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type, making up about 75% of all skin cancer cases. The primary risk factor is prolonged UV radiation exposure, either from the sun or tanning beds. Other risk factors include fair skin, older age, family history of skin cancer, and previous sunburns [1].
Symptoms
BCC typically presents as a translucent, pearly bump on sun-exposed areas like the face, neck, and arms. It can also appear as a flat, scaly patch with a raised edge, a white, waxy scar, or an open sore that does not heal [3].
Treatments
Treatment options for BCC include surgical excision, Mohs surgery (a tissue-sparing technique), cryotherapy (freezing the tumour), topical medications, and radiation therapy. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment and minimizing cosmetic damage [1].
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Risks
Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of skin cancer, primarily resulting from UV radiation exposure. Additional risk factors include fair skin, history of sunburns, chronic skin inflammation, exposure to certain chemicals, and immunosuppression [4].
Symptoms
SCC often appears as a firm, red nodule or a flat sore with a scaly crust. It may also present as a rough, scaly patch on the lip or an open sore that does not heal. SCC usually occurs on sun-exposed areas but can develop anywhere on the body [3].
Treatments
Treatment for SCC usually involves surgical excision, Mohs surgery, cryotherapy, or radiation therapy. More advanced cases may require chemotherapy or targeted therapy. Early detection and treatment are vital to prevent metastasis [1].
Melanoma
Risks
Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer but less common than BCC and SCC. It can spread rapidly to other parts of the body if not detected early. Major risk factors include intense, intermittent sun exposure, fair skin, numerous moles, family history of melanoma, and previous skin cancer history [4].
Symptoms
Melanoma can develop anywhere on the body but is most often found on the trunk in men and the legs in women. Key warning signs include a new mole or an existing mole that changes in size, shape, or colour. The ABCDE rule is useful for identifying suspicious moles:
Asymmetry: One half of the mole does not match the other.
Border: Edges are irregular, ragged, or blurred.
Colour: Colour is not uniform and may include shades of brown, black, pink, red, white, or blue.
Diameter: The mole is larger than 6mm (about the size of a pencil eraser).
Evolving: The mole changes in size, shape, or colour over time [3].
Treatments
Melanoma treatment depends on the cancer's stage. Early-stage melanomas can often be treated with surgical excision. More advanced melanomas may require additional treatments such as immunotherapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Clinical trials are also exploring new treatment options [4].
Emerging Technologies in Skin Cancer Detection
AI Medi Scan
AI Medi Scan is a cutting-edge tool that uses artificial intelligence for early detection and monitoring of skin cancer. This at-home device allows users to perform accurate skin assessments using a smartphone app. Combining AI technology with expertise from dermatologists and oncologists, AI Medi Scan provides personalised skin health advice and helps users identify moles, warts, and other skin irregularities. While not a replacement for professional healthcare, it is a valuable tool for recognising when to seek medical attention [2].
Prevention and Early Detection
Prevention Tips
Sun Protection: Use broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, wear protective clothing, and seek shade during peak sun hours.
Avoid Tanning Beds: Tanning beds emit UV radiation that increases the risk of skin cancer.
Regular Skin Checks: Perform self-examinations regularly and schedule annual skin checks with a dermatologist [1].
Importance of Early Detection
Early detection of skin cancer significantly improves treatment outcomes. Regular self-examinations and professional skin checks can help identify suspicious lesions early. Technologies like AI Medi Scan enhance the ability to monitor skin changes and seek timely medical advice [2].
Conclusion
Skin cancer is a widespread and potentially deadly disease across Australia, but with proper knowledge and proactive measures, it can be effectively managed and treated. Understanding the different types of skin cancer, recognizing the risks and symptoms, and utilizing emerging technologies for early detection are essential steps in combating this disease. By staying informed and vigilant, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of skin cancer and ensure early intervention when necessary.
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